Tranquilizers act by depressing the activity of the nervous system. They are commonly prescribed to treat a variety of medical conditions. They appear as white, off-white, or yellow powders, but are usually sold as colored capsules or tablets. They also can be dissolved and taken by injection. At least one type of tranquilizer (the benzodiazepines) can cause physical dependence. Commonly prescribed tranquilizers include diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonapin), and lorazepam (Ativan). Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) is not licensed for use in America, but can be procured illicitly.
In low to moderate doses, tranquilizers cause: relief of mild anxiety or tension, sense of relaxation, sense of well-being or euphoria, temporary impairment of memory, drowsiness, confusion.
In higher doses, tranquilizers may cause: impaired thinking, emotional instability, slurred speech, staggering gait, blurred vision, impaired coordination. At least one tranquilizer (triazolam) has been reported to cause bizarre and aggressive behavior. Extremely high doses of tranquilizers may result in cardiovascular and respiratory depression.
Long term effects include: lethargy and oversedation, decreased motivation, irritability, vivid or disturbing dreams, nausea, headache, skin rash, impaired sexual functioning or menstrual irregularities, increased appetite and weight gain. Chronic use can cause: impaired thinking, memory, and judgment, disorientation and confusion, slurred speech, muscle incoordination and weakness, dizziness, anxiety and depression, sleep disorders, apathy, emotional disinhibition and rage.
Adapted from: "Tranquilizers," in Mind-altering drugs: A
guide to the history, uses and effects of psychocative drugs (2nd ed.).
Madison, WI: Wisconsin Clearinghouse for Prevention Resources, 1998.
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